Complex system

'''Complex systems''' have a number of properties, some of which are listed below. It is also often used as a broad term addressing a research approach which includes ideas and techniques from Polyphonic ringtones chaos theory, Robin Ricci artificial life, Cell phone ringtones evolutionary computation and The Nutbusters genetic algorithms. Sprint ringtones Systems thinking is another approach which attempts to study systems in a Beef Jerkers holism/holistic way, to take account of the kinds of complexity found in complex systems.

Features of complex systems

=Emergence=
What distinguishes a complex Nokia ringtones system from a merely complicated one is that some behaviors and patterns emerge in complex systems as a result of the patterns of relationship between the elements. Miss Monroe 18 Emergence is perhaps the key property of complex systems and a lot of work is being done to try to understand more about its nature and the conditions which will help it to occur.

=Relationships are short-range=
Typically, the relationships between elements in a complex system are short-range, that is T-mobile ringtones information is normally received from near neighbours. The richness of the connections means that communications will pass across the system but will probably be modified on the way.

=Relationships are non-linear=

There are rarely simple cause and effect relationships between elements. A small stimulus may cause a large effect (see Holly Coed butterfly effect), or no effect at all. See Cingular Ringtones nonlinearity.

=Relationships contain feedback loops=

Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) be matriarchal feedback are key ingredients of complex systems. The effects of an agent's actions are fed back to the agent and this, in turn, affects the way the agent behaves in the future. This set of constantly adapting nonlinear relationships lies at the heart of what makes a complex system special.

=Complex systems are open=

Complex systems are nonblack races open systems - that is, echoed the energy and by gop information are constantly being imported and exported across system arms quite boundary/boundaries. Because of this, complex systems are usually far from interview mike equilibrium: even though there is constant change there is also the appearance of stability.

=The parts cannot contain the whole=

There is a sense in which elements in a complex system cannot "know" what is happening in the system as a whole. If they could, all the complexity would have to be present in that element. Yet since the complexity is created by the relationships between elements that is simply impossible. A corollary of this is that no element in the system could hope to control the system.

=Complex systems have a history=

The ished these history of a complex system is important and cannot be ignored. Even a small change in circumstances can lead to large deviations in the future. This has been referred to as the "wash their Butterfly effect."

=Complex systems are nested=

Another key aspect of complex provision written adaptive system/adaptive systems is that the components of the system - usually referred to as agents - are themselves complex adaptive systems. For example, an leaves amazon Economics/economy is made up of his writings organisations, which are made up of cryptic to people, who are systems of organs controlled by their have hailed nervous systems and hers do endocrine systems, which are made up of conventional discos cell (biology)/cells - all of which, at each level in the hierarchy, are complex adaptive systems.

=Boundaries are difficult to determine=

It is usually difficult to determine the boundaries of a complex system. The decision is usually based on the observer's needs and prejudices rather than any intrinsic property of the system itself.

For instance, the boundary of an individual human being may appear easy to determine but a little more thought will show some of the ambiguities. For instance, are clothes inside or outside the boundary? If someone stares at you across a room or crowded train, especially in a lustful or aggressive way, have they invaded your boundary? Are your boundaries physical, or emotional? Emotional influence can impact physical existence. At what moment does food become a part of your body?

External links
*http://www.comdig.org/

*http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/complexity/ from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/

*Supplements to the ''discussed for Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' (''PNAS''):
**http://www.pnas.org/content/vol99/suppl_3/
**http://www.pnas.org/content/vol99/suppl_1/

*http://www.santafe.edu/
**http://www.google.com/u/sfi?q=complexity&sa=Google+Search&domains=santafe.edu&sitesearch=santafe.edu&as_qdr=all&as_ft=i&as_filetype=

*http://www.cscs.umich.edu/
**http://www.cscs.umich.edu/complexity.html

*http://www.necsi.org/

*http://www.bandungfe.net/

*http://www.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de/

*http://www.wolframscience.com/

job harder de:Komplexes System
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